HISTORies OF TRADES

The process of exchanging the goods or services produced by industry is known as trade.It is a vital part of modern life even the richest nations do not have resources to produce everything their people need to want ;by trading surplus goods with others,countries earn the money to buy the things they need .Trade between different country is called foreign trade.So,called domestic trade place within the boundaries of country.

history of trade

Trade has an achievement from about 300 bc,the phoenicians traded metals,cloth,and animals with mediterranean peoples.from 300 bc,traders travelled the silkm road from china to europe.a famous early trade route.trade between different peoples led to the exchange of ideas and culture as well as goods.Trade between different countries grew steadily from medieval times on when merchants travelled the globe with goods.

DISTRIBUTION

The movement of goods or services from the manufacture of consumer is known as distribution.Distribution between producers,wholesaler and the retailers relies on efficient,economical transport systems.International trade has grown steadily,partly thanks to advnces in transportation for example,the arrival of the railways,air,freight,and refrigerated cargo ships.

WHOLESALERS

Many small shops relay on wholesalers to deliver products to them when needed.A wholesaler is a business that buys large quantities of goods directly from the manufacturers.It stores them in huge warehouse ,ready to sell in smaller amounts at higher pieces to retail outlets or shops. Ware houses are found near major roads or railways,to ensure rapid,economical transport of the products.

RETAILERS

Retailers are business that buys product from wholesalers and sell them at a higher price.Most high street shops are part of the retail trade-a place where consumers can buy the goods they want.As such,shops are the end ofa a long chain of trading.

TARIFFS AND CUSTOMS

Some countries tax imported goods.This tax is known as a customs duty or tariff.Such duties are a way of making money for the government,or of protecting the country's industries by raising the price of imported goods which might otherwise be cheaper than those produced locally.

WORLD TRADE

International trade is regulated by the world trade organization,set up in 1995.It works to reduce trade barriers and tariffs between nations.It succeeded the general agreements on tariffs and trade.set up in 1948 under the auspices of the united nations.

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MONEY,ITS ORIGIN AND IT'S TYPES

We cannot eat money,wear it or live in it but people need it to feed,clothe and house themselves.People use money to pay for the things they wants to buy.It is a means of exchange that works as long as the buyer and the seller both agree on the value of the paper,metal or plastic used to pay.Money works as a standard of value,allowing one to see how much goods are worth.It also provides a store of wealth more convenient than other things of value,such as property before money was invented,people battered,swapping one item for another.
THE ORIGIN OF MONEY
The earliest records of money being used come from ancient mesopotamia9modern Iraq) some 4500 years ago.Payments were made with weighed amounts of silver.Since then,weighed amounts of metal have been used as money in many places worldwide.
WEIGHT
Weighing the precious metal showed how much a person had and what it war worth.
PRICE LIST
This clay tablet contains a price list written in mesopotamia in the 19th century BC.It express prices in terms of shekels and minas,the standard weights of the time .One shekel of silver would buy twelve mina of bronze,three measures of barley,or three measured of sersaue oil.
GOLD STANDARD
TYPES OF MONEY
The most familiar forms of money are coins and bank notes also known as cash.Much of the money stored in a bank exists not as piles of notes,but as data stored in computers.To spend it,people use cheques and plastic cards.
COINS
The first were made in lydia,Turkey C.6ooBC.Early coins were made of precious metal,like aluminium.
CHEQUE
A cheque is a written instruction to a bank to pay money to someone.For security reasons,cheques nare often unusable without identification,such as a cheque gurantee card.

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MEDICINE AND THE GREAT PERSONALITIES

Records of physicians treating the sick stretch back more than 4,500 years.However for most of this time doctors had real little knowledge and relied mainly on superstition and herbal cures.Medical science as we know it began 300 years ago,when a flowering of knowledge helped doctors understand how the body works;later; innovations such as immunization,helped cure its ills.Today medical advances save more lives then ever before,but it can be expensive and many of the world's poorest people cannot offered it.

ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME

Greek doctors learned surgery by treating war wounds,but blamed the gods for any failures.Ancient roman s improved public health with clean water supply and swear system.
Asclepius And Hygieia
The greek god of medicine,Asculapius may have actually bean a re al physician 3,200 nyears ago.T he roman worshipped both him as(Asculapius),and his daughter ,Hygiea,whose name gives us the word "hygiene".
FOUR HUMOURS

A Greek surgeon named galen (129-199) believed incorrectly that huaman beings were in good health only when they had a erfect balance of thir bodily fluids-their "four humours(blood,phlegm cloler and melancholy).correspnding to physical build and certain elements .This idea dominated medicine for 1,400 years.

ISLAMIC MEDICINE

Religion was powerful force in the arab world.The holy book of islam contain rules about hygiene and diet.Galen's ideas about the four humours strongly influenced early islamic medicine,but in the 13th century,the arab advanced medical knowledge when the physician Ibn-an-Nafis (1210-880made important discoveries about the circulation of the blood.

HIPPOCRATES

Greek physician hippocrates (460-37 BC)separated medicine from magic.His treatment included diets ,purgative, baths and fresh air.He was one of the first to realize that a por invironment can cause bad health.Today,trainee doctors still pledgec their dedication to patients by repeating an oath once said to by written by Hippocrates.

PREHISTORIC MEDICINE

Buried skeletons provide hints about prehistoric medical treatment.In a procedure called treplanning,early surgeon drilled their patients skulls,perhaps thinking this would let disease escape.Archaeologists have found skulls that show partical healing,so not all patients died after the operation.

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FOOD POISONING AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Methods of controling bacterial growth

1. Food should b out of dangrer zone(5 degree celcious to 63 degree celcious).


2. food should be consumed immediately aftrer cooking.


3. reheating of food is done more then 72 degree celcious.


4. food should be refregirted in right temperature.


5. preservation of food most be carried out in proper stabilizers.

PREVENTION OF FOOD POISONING

PURCHASE FOOD FROM RELIABLE SOURCE

vomiting or diarrohoea are the most common symptoms.Fever ,abdominal pain or blood in the stool may occur.The illness is ususlly short lived but can be very serious or even life threatening,particularly at the extremes of life.Ful recovery may take between few hours to several weeks depending upon the fitness of the patint and the type of infection.

WHAT CAN BE DONE TO AVOID FOOD POISONING

1. purchase food from reliable source


2. wash hands,food preparation surfaces and utensils throughly before and after handling raw foods to prevent recpntamination of coked foods.


3. keep refrigerated fod below 5 degree celcious.


4. serve hot food immediatelyor keep them heatedabove 63 degree celcious.


5. remember that the danger zone is between 5 degre celcious to 63 degre celcious.


6. heat canned foods throughly before testing


7. when in doubt,throw it out.


8. know correct storage temperature for every commodity.


9. never store acidic food in the utensils like copper,zinc or antimony.


10. do not allow juices from raw meat to come into contact with other food.

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FOOD POISONING AND ITS TYPES

Food poisoning is defined as the illness or disease of an infectious or toxis nature caused by the consumption of such food and drinks.The term food poisoning is most often used to describe the illness,usuallly diarrohoea and vomiting caused by baccteria viruses or parisites.Very ocasionally poisonings from chemicals may b the cause.food poisoning can produce symptoms within few hours of consumption of contaminated food,while others may not occur for some days.basicaly the symptoms are produced between 2-24 hours of the infected food eaten.

TYPES OF FOOD POISONING

1. BACTERAIA FOOD POISONING

Food contaminated by bacteria is far the common most cause of food poisoning.Cross contaminated happens when bacteria are transferred from contaminated to uncontaminated food;via cutting boards,hand knifes,surfaces etc.

BACTERIA RESPONSIBLE FOR FOOD POISONING

• STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS


• SALMONELLA


• CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRIENGERS


• CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM


• VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICU


• BACILLUS CEREUS


• LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES


• CAMPYLOBACTER ENTEROCOLITICA


• ENTER PATHOGENIC E.COLI

FACTORS ESSENTIAL FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:

1. MOISTURE

Moisture is the media in which the bacteria can play safe to grow.They can not multiply on dry food.Ideal foods for their growth are jellies with meats,custards,creams,sauce,etc

2.Temperature

The most favourable temperature for the growth of bacteria is normal body temperayure(37 degree celcious).Bacteria substantially grow between 5 to 63 degree celcious(danger zone)toxins produced by them.In some cases most heat resistant spores may take 4-5 hours to get dfestroyed.Refrigeration does not necessarily mean to kill bacteria.Bacteria remain dormant in low temperature for a long time.No sooner the food reaches more than 5 degree celcious,bacteria starts functioning.

3.TIME

Under favourable conditions,single bacteriun divides into 2 in every 20 minutes.In 6 to 7 hours millions of bacteria will have been produced.Particular care is therefore required with food stored overnight,especially if adequqte refrigerated space is not available.

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TOURISM

According to WTO "tourism is the temporary or short term movement of people to destination places outside their native land where they normally live,work and perform their activities during their stay at the destination".

Tourism plays an important role to the economic development of the many parts of the country and the world.Hence, the developed countries of the modern world have realized the importance of tourism industry.

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